We call it "multiplying out brackets" or "expanding brackets".
By the way, there's a difference between:
(a + b) (c + d)
and:
(ax + b) (cx + d)
In the first case, when a, b, c and d are all constant values, I think we'd normally simplify them to a single constant.
The second case is more similar to your original example:
(6x + 7) (x + 4)
Here x is not a constant, and there are two factors, each containing a constant plus a multiple of x:
6x + 7
x + 4
I'd guess we could take the coefficients of these binomials as vectors and use matrix multiplication. If you're interested to work that out, look up "linear algebra".